The Role of Financial Stability in Truman Capotes In...

Herb Clutter and his family possess it. Dick and Perry want it. It is often associated with the ideal existence. What is â€Å"it† exactly? â€Å"It† refers to financial stability. This is the state of not having to fret about paying the bills or providing for one’s family and of not having to worry if one will eat on a given day. The concept of financial stability is central in the novel written by Truman Capote and inspired by real events entitled In Cold Blood. This issue is the backbone of the novel and is the chief motive for the murders committed in the story. Additionally, financial stability is an important component in the typical view of the â€Å"American dream.† It is fair to say that the Clutters embody this concept, which†¦show more content†¦It is fact that both Dick and Perry had served prison sentences for robbery in the past. Capote further illustrates the vices of Dick’s personality when he uses the statement, à ¢â‚¬Å"I promise you, honey, we’ll blast hair all over them walls† (22) to portray Dick as a potential murderer. Capote also shows that Dick is a liar by revealing that he lied to his father about where he was going the night of the murders (23). It is fairly obvious that Capote is portraying Dick as a person who doesn’t often exhibit virtue in his actions. Capote presents a similar idea about Perry when he reveals Perry’s confession of murdering all four Clutter’s present at the house (255). Dick and Perry never attain financial stability and are, within Capote’s story, the embodiment of the â€Å"American nightmare.† It is possible that Capote is subtly equating this with their lack of virtue. Throughout the story Dick and Perry tried to come up with schemes to make money. Dick goes on a bad check writing spree and he promises to marry Maria â€Å"who was the widow of a ‘very prominent Mexican banker’† (118) in order to get money. In fact, the incident at the River Valley Ranch was meant to be a robbery and not a murder. Dick and Perry never seriously try to find honest ways to make money, rather they spend all their time scheming and violating others in order to get money. Their methods ultimately fail every time and they always find themselves broke shortly after

Implementing A College Student Discount Of 10 % On All...

We suggest implementing a college student discount of 10% on all purchases with a valid college ID. This will attract college-aged individuals (namely UConn students) to the shop and will bring the services offered at Pandora’s Playground within the reach of college students on a budget. We also suggest the implementation of a loyalty rewards program in which every service purchased by a consumer results in a punch on a loyalty card. After 4 purchases of a tattoo or piercing, the customer gets their 5th tattoo or piercing 50% off. Because tattooing and piercing is viewed as an addictive habit, and the majority of individuals with tattoos and piercings have multiple, this rewards program can serve as a way to increase customer loyalty and keep customers from traveling to competitors for their second or third purchase. With the implementation of these practices, the prices charged can be segmented according to the income of the potential consumers. Older individuals with larger amounts of disposable income will be charged the full price. College students will not only be offered a price that they are more able to comfortably pay, but they will also be able to see and appreciate the discount. College students love receiving free goods and services, and the addition of the rewards program will increase their likelihood to repeat their purchases and to expand the types of tattoos and piercings they are purchasing. These incentives cause consumers to be more likely to purchaseShow MoreRelatedMarks Spencer: an Analysis of the Demand for a MS Simply Food Convenience Store in Complexe Desjardins3749 Words   |  15 Pages We applied the same methodologies when conducting a similar analysis of the Montreal convenience market. In this stage of our research we were able to apply more formal approaches, suc h as conducting in-depth interviews with store managers. 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Arsa Free Essays

Spiegel Online Economics Edgar Atukeren MBA SBS (Swiss Business School) Alex Rau, Daria Revanchenkova, Arsa Grgurevic Table of Content: 1 Background 2 Assignment 3 Interactive Classified Advertising in Germany 4 Choosing the right segments 5 Business Idea and Concept 6 Competition 7 Financial Projections 8 The Problem 9 Possible Solutions 10 Conclusion 11 Recommendations and Lesson Learned Background Spiegel Online is one of the leading news Web sites in Germany and other German speaking countries, as Austria and Switzerland. It is a part of a Spiegel Group, publisher of several print products in addition to Der Spiegel and producer of the Spiegel TV Magazine. The Spiegel Group was also active in television film production. We will write a custom essay sample on Arsa or any similar topic only for you Order Now It took first steps toward internationalization by English-language editions of Spiegel special and the monthly publication of magazines in Hungary and Poland. In 2005 the Spiegel Group had more than 1,400 employees. Total revenues of the Spiegel Group were approximately around 322 million euro, of which Spiegel Online contributed 15 million euro. 0% of revenues resulted from online advertising, making this the most important source of income for Spiegel Online. The webpage is covering various topics as politics, business, panorama, arts, science, education, entertainment, sports, and travel. Spiegel is also a major contributor to the Hamburg Media School. It organized as a public-private partnership and offers MBA in Media Management, film, and journalism. In their second year, MBA students typically engaged in consulting projects with major media companies. Assignment This year the students must research on 2 questions: ) Were there any chances for an economically successful entry into the market for interactive classifieds? 2) What would the business model look like in detail? They had only 2 restrictions: anything in the adult segment was seen as inappropriate and the budget will be limited. The student team split their analysis into four steps: * Research of market volume and growth * Analyses of possible competitors * Selection of lucrative niches * Development of adequate concepts Interactive Classified Advertising in Germany The interactive advertising in Germany is based on offering space for classified ads for other companies. There are approximately 20,500 Web sites, which are doing that and they generate around 4 percent of all online revenues. Online services had gradually replaced newspapers and magazines in the classifieds segment. There are 3 most important interactive segments nowadays: * Automotive (which cover 1/3 of all customers looking for a car) * Real estate (200 billion euro are generated per year) * Job advertisement (30% of jobs are found online) Choosing the right segments Spiegel Online is following a brand new strategy: horizontal integration into a new market (interactive ads). The company decided to expand and cover new arket, which can generate additional revenue for the company. As automotive, real estate, and jobs interactive segments are already dominated by large competitors, Spiegel Online needs to interfere in the industry, by carefully choosing the segments, which are the most profitable ones. So it decided to concentrate on high quality standards and products that matched the image of Spiegel and chose high-quality cars, high- paying jobs and art objects. Spiegel Online Art Platform The team prepared a full business plan on each of the three market segments. The automotive and job segments seemed to be generally profitable and growing. Art, on the other hand, promised to be an interesting niche that had not yet been covered by any well-known company. Competition Most Web sites were positioned in the upper price segment. Serve as a marketing and sales tool for high-value objects. In the lower price segment, Web sites are mostly created by amateurs and hobby artists. These Web sites did not attract large audiences. The online art market had received some attention from investors and media companies (Example Burda-photo gallery Lumas). Opportunity for Spiegel online is to create platform in the middle and lower price segment. Business Idea and Concept The concept consisted of two integrated parts for the Spiegel online users interested in the arts: a selling platform and a community platform. Art platform Core to the Spiegel Online art platform was the sales platform. The sales platform homepage would lead to all art objects up for sale. A search engine would allow sorting objects by price, style, size, artist†¦ Navigation menu would allow quick access to additional site functions. The home page would also include a voting area. Community The Virtual Art Gallery could be customized, like MySpace. Users can create their own profiles. The profile included a virtual walk-through to gallery. Artist and galleries could use the Virtual Art Gallery as a marketing tool. Target group The Spiegel Online art platform addressed two target groups: first, people interested in art, and second, artist and galleries. Consumer benefits For buyers: low-risk playing field, moderate prices, high transparency, users don’t need specialized knowledge. For sellers: Low entry barriers, low sellers fees, attractive for young unknown artists. Benefits for Spiegel online Monetary: New revenues by commissions, insertion fees, and shop sales. Non-monetary: Parent brand, high-quality image. How to cite Arsa, Essay examples

Workforce Management

Question: What is Workforce? Explain. Answer: Introduction Workforce is considered as a major resource of an organisation that acts as a backbone of a company. Talent development programme plays an essential role in enhancing the skills, knowledge and capability of the workforce to promote development of business (Lavallee, 2006). Tesco PLC is one of the leading retail businesses in the United Kingdom with more than 500,000 employees across the globe. Due to a large diversified workforce, there is a need of proper talent development programme that can be helpful for the employees to improve their knowledge and skills to handle customers and carry on the operation of the company. Talent development programmes are the training and mentoring facilities provided by the organisation to its employees to improve their capabilities and performance. Being a retail trading organisation, Tesco needs to implement Leadership Development Programme for its regional customer service heads to handle different issues. The Sales Development Programme is needed for the team leaders and sales representatives to provide product knowledge and build leadership. Tesco also need trainee development programme for all employees to improve their knowledge over the business areas (Knight, 2009). Hence, it can be seen that Talent Development Programme is need for all employees and especially for the new recruitments to provide them knowledge about the business. TDPs must be conducted at an interval of every quarter to have a better workforce. In case of new recruitment, it must be carried on for first six months. Coaching and Mentoring Coaching and mentoring are techniques to develop the skills and knowledge of the employees through one to one discussion. It helps to improve the performance of the employees. Coaching and mentoring can be differentiated in terms of the practices that are used interchangeably to carry on the Talent Development Programme in an organisation. Coaching is an organisation targets to improve the performance of employees by focusing on specific goals and skills of the individuals. It develops new skills and knowledge among the employees. In case of mentoring, it is used to establish a good relationship with the employees by questioning, clarifying, listening and reframing the problems faced by the individuals (Jones, Armour and Potrac, 2012). Both of the techniques are used interchangeably to improve the performance of the employees and the organisation. Hence, the potential benefit of coaching and mentoring is a strong workforce capable of accepting different challenges at workplace. Evaluation of different models of coaching and mentoring The GROW model can provide significant structure so that new learners can experienced clear and better directive approach in coaching and mentoring system. The GROW model includes four apparent stages such as goals, reality, options and wrap up. In this sort of model, establishing goal and objective have to be set up first. On basis of the goals, reality checks have been analysed to generate options to be followed for better coaching and mentoring. At the final stage, an action must be concluded to wrap up the programme. Suitability Justification: In order to determine the suitability of the model in TESCO programme, identification of key resources will be important. Being a large business organisation, such model must not be appropriate for the programme as the model can be suitably applied to a smaller group of people. EXACT model of coaching and mentoring presents the fundamental principles of coaching that presents a clear understanding of the coaching goals. It is important to have Exciting, Assessable, Challenging and Time framed goals of Talent Development Programmes. Suitability Justification: EXACT model has been segmented in four different stages that include assembling and challenging goals. Therefore, such model will be effective for the coaching and mentoring programme of TESCO. The Achieve Coaching Model is another significant model to be considered in coaching and mentoring. The circular process has formed a chain circle including assessing current situation, creative brainstorming, identifying goals, option initiation, evaluating options, developing plan of action, and encouraging momentum. Such instrumental model can motivate the behaviour and skills of a coach or mentor. Suitability Justification: The Achieve coaching model has significantly included a circular process such as assessing current situation, creative brainstorming, identifying goals, option initiation, evaluating options, developing plan of action, and encouraging momentum. The sections will be inspiring The OSKAR Coaching framework is also significant for coaching and mentoring. The framework works on five stages such as outcome, scaling, know-how phase, affirm and action and review of the programme. The initial two steps are required to set up the objective of meeting or coaching session to solve any issue (Dinos and Palmer, 2015). Scaling phase has been used to measure the scale of achieving the identified levels. The know-how phase is focused on knowledge resources, characteristics and qualification of coaches and mentors to achieve success. Affirm and action describes the behaviours, skills and actions to be confirmed in the training and meetings. Finally, a review of both the positives and negatives has to be recorded. Suitability Justification: Apparently, the OSKAR Coaching framework may be also included in the coaching and mentoring programme of TESCO to motivate the large scale employees. The stages of the mentoring model will evaluate the best out of the employees so that the productivity and level of performance can be improved (Parylo, Zepeda and Bengtson, 2012). Factors impacting on the success of coaching and mentoring In the meantime, some critical factors can be identified as impacting aspects of the success of coaching and mentoring. First of all, business priorities have decided how coaching and mentoring must be promoted within a group or team members. Apart from that, organisational culture is another essential factor to determine the success of coaching. By fostering effective learning and development environment, perfect coaching facilities can be provided. Furthermore, perception is a significantly important factor in coaching (Parylo, Zepeda and Bengtson, 2012). By identifying the necessity of coaching to a particular team can make life easy for coaches and mentors. Hence, the perception has been considered to be an effective factor. At the same time, the degree of sponsorship and purpose of coaching can dictate terms on whether coaching facilities will be successful or not. By providing all necessary support from the top level can be truly helpful for a successful coaching session. Skills required of coaches and mentors In coaching and mentoring some fundamental skills are crucial to becoming an expertise and successful personality in the field. To identify the issues and challenges of a team, coaches must have listening skills, communication skills, interpersonal skills, feedback skills, questioning skills and most importantly motivating skills. The academic qualification and knowledge will not be enough to encourage the learners. Therefore, a coach must present unique style and learning tactics in front of the learners (Brockbank and McGill, 2006). In order to become successful, 5Rs of lifelong learning is mandatory for coaches or mentors such as readiness, resourcefulness, resilience, responsibility, and reflectiveness. The readiness to learn is so much essential to understand new issues and challenges. Resourcefulness signifies creativity in learning the process and understanding how to apply methods. Resilience forces a coach not to give up in any situation or a person. On the other hand, responsibility determines the learning ownership of a trainer or mentor (Rao, 2014). Finally, reflectiveness encourages improvement and practises the best knowledge facilities to become a successful mentor or coach. Evidently, to ensure fair and equal access across the coaching and mentoring programmes, some regulations must be initiated. The regulations must promote equal access to each of the human resource participating in the training programmes. Furthermore, the ethical checklist of the business organisation must be considered at the coaching and mentoring programme in order to establish ethics to mentoring (Brockbank and McGill, 2006). The employees must take freely participation so that the rate of the success of the programme will be high. Moreover, the concerned authority must govern the programme to ensure fair and equal access across the coaching and mentoring programmes. Support needs of Coaches and mentors There is a significant form of support to be offered such as one to one meetings, social media blogs, formal and informal e-mail groups, action learning activities and group meetings so that coaches and mentors level of performance can be increased (Brockbank and McGill, 2012). By establishing support needs of coaches and mentors, expertise knowledge and skills can be permanently exchanged to improvise the level of competence among the coaches. Facilities such as action learning activities and group meetings can be effectively utilised to share the fundamental issues and challenges of coaches (Dougan, 2013). In a coaching network, there are some basic learning issues as well as real problems to be tackled. However, professional learning facilities and supervision can inspire the performance of coaching staffs undoubtedly. Mechanism to support coaches and mentors Different mechanism can be used by Tesco management to support the coaches and mentors. The mechanisms to support coaches and mentors are discussed herein below: Group Supervision: Group supervision can be carried through one on one meeting, training classes, group discussions and after day meetings (Leong and Mak, 2013). Email/Social network groups: Email, social networking groups, blogs and online modules can be used to train employees. Share Information: Sharing information at workplace, training class, and internet media through emails and social networking sites can be used to improve the knowledge of the employees. Action learning Sets: Action learning sets are used to provide employees on the job training, develop solution to their daily problems, work on real issues and learn from their experiences. Justification of the mechanism to support coaches and mentors After considering all factors, it can be seen that the learning action sets and group supervision are the most effective mechanism to support the coaches and mentors in the TDP (Gilbert and Rosinski, 2008). Both of these mechanisms are suggested because, Tesco mainly provides the TDP for the new recruitments who need to know about the business and culture of the organisation. Both of these mechanisms can be used throughout the year and they comply with all ethical and professional practise of CIPD Code of professional practices (Megginson, Clutterbuck and Megginson, 2009). Furthermore, both of these mechanisms promote dissemination and sharing of learning. Along with that, the mechanism ensures equal and fair access to mentors and coaches to support provision. Including these mechanisms, it is important for TESCO to see to follow the principles of Wheel of Good Practice. The management must ensure that the mechanisms are used according to the wheel of good practice to ensure effective outcomes from the TDP. A diagram has been given below to present wheel of good practice. It is important for TESCO to see that all these good practices are carried on while using the mechanism of training and development programs. The TDP must take place regularly and focus on the need of clients, organisation and coach. Along with that, the mechanisms provide continuous professional development to the coach and assure quality of coaching provisions. It is believed that both of these mechanisms will provide support to the coach and generate organisational learning. Furthermore, the mechanism ensures balanced individual, group or peer supervision. Finally, the chosen mechanisms manage ethical and confidential boundaries that make them suitable for the organisation. Evaluation By comparing three different evaluation models, it can be seen that Kirkpatrick focuses on behavioural changes and not on achieving the objectives of training programme. In case of CIRO model, it focuses on achieving the objectives of training programme, but not on the behavioural changes (Wise and Jacobo, 2010). Finally, in case of RAM evaluation model, it can be seen that it checks the relevance of coaching with the context of business, examines the alignment of the mechanism and measures the final results and ROI of the TDP. Hence, RAM evaluation model is the most useful technique to measure the success of the TDP. Conclusion The facilities and skills offered to the coaches and mentors can eventually help the team members to perform in a better way. Hence, proper monitoring of mentoring facilities and systems is highly essential. Moreover, the art of coaching is one of the unique things to be understood. Every individual coaching staff has own methods and tactics to improve the skills and performance of others. Hence, professional practices and individual development can be identified as very effective in coaching and mentoring. References Brockbank, A. and McGill, I. (2006).Facilitating reflective learning through mentoring coaching. London: Kogan Page. Brockbank, A. and McGill, I. (2012).Facilitating reflective learning. London: Kogan Page. Carmel, R. and Paul, M. (2015). Mentoring and coaching in academia: Reflections on a mentoring/coaching relationship.Policy Futures in Education, 13(4), pp.479-491. Dinos, S. and Palmer, S. (2015). Self-esteem within cognitive behavioural coaching: a theoretical framework to integrate theory with practice.Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice, 8(2), pp.137-153. Dougan, M. (2013). Supporting mentors.Nursing Standard, 27(51), pp.59-59. Gilbert, K. and Rosinski, P. (2008). Accessing cultural orientations: the online Cultural Orientations Framework Assessment as a tool for coaching.Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice, 1(1), pp.81-92. Jones, R., Armour, K. and Potrac, P. (2012). Understanding the Coaching Process: A Framework for Social Analysis.Quest, 54(1), pp.34-48. Knight, J. (2009).Coaching. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Corwin Press. Lavallee, D. (2006). Career Awareness, Career Planning, and Career Transition Needs Among Sports Coaches.Journal of Career Development, 33(1), pp.66-79. Leong, F. and Mak, S. (2013). Giving psychology away as coaches and mentors.PsycCRITIQUES, 58(47). Megginson, D., Clutterbuck, D. and Megginson, D. (2009).Further techniques for coaching and mentoring. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann. Parylo, O., Zepeda, S. and Bengtson, E. (2012). The different faces of principal mentorship.Intl Jnl of Ment Coach in Ed, 1(2), pp.120-135. Rao, R. (2014). Improving the coaching and mentoring of IMGs.BMJ, 348(jun05 3), pp.g3424-g3424. Schreygg, A. (2011). Coaching und Supervision in Changeprozessen.Organisationsberatung, Supervision, Coaching, 18(1), pp.1-3. Wise, D. and Jacobo, A. (2010). Towards a framework for leadership coaching.School Leadership Management, 30(2), pp.159-169.

Diversity In Toons Essays - Kingdom Hearts Characters, Piglet

Diversity In Toons In comparing children's programs for their use of cultural diversity I watched several segments of Rugrats, Winnie the Pooh, and Out of the Box. The animated programs, Rugrats and Winnie the Pooh, dealt with diversity in much the same way. Out of the Box, however, was put together on a different level. The Rugrats is a delightful cartoon about a group of adventurous babies that are always getting into one thing or the other. The baby's personalities are all quite different and ones weakness is offset by another ones strengths. Tommy, a very intelligent, articulate, courageous, and compassionate one year old is the leader of the group. His best friend Chuckie is a neurotic two-year-old who is afraid of his own shadow! Phil and Lil, the twins from next door, look alike, think alike, and would follow Tommy Pickles to the ends of the earth. They love the adventures, the messier and scarier the better! They are the lovers of mud-pies, bugs, and moldy things. Tommy's older cousin, Angelica, rounds out the group as the spoiled rotten princess who bullies the babies and manipulates the adults. Angelica has one friend, other than the babies, a black girl her age named Susie who she is always in competition with. The adults in the show represent even more diverse groups. Tommy's Dad, Stu, is an absent-minded toy inventor who loves his son dearly but tends to let his preoccupation with his inventions rule his world. His wife, Didi, is your classic, practical, overprotective mother that is on a quest to be the world's most perfect mother. She, however, is completely unaware of just how much Tommy knows and understands. Tommy's Uncle Drew is a boring investment banker that dotes on Angelica and seriously believes that she is an angel. Aunt Charlotte, on the other hand, is the professional corporate type workaholic and assuages her guilt by lavishing Angelica with undeserved gifts. Betty Deville, Didi's best friend and the twin's mother, is a loud, big, and friendly woman who lives for her twins. Her husband, Howard, is the quiet techno-nerd type that hangs in the background. Chuckie's Dad, Chaz (Charles Sr.) Finster is a whiny, neurotic worrier and a single parent. After a few seconds with Chaz it's obvious where Chuckie gets his personality. Last, but certainly not least , there's Stu's and Drew's Dad and Tommy's Grandpa. Grandpa is the cantankerous old geezer with a soft spot for his grandson. He tends to over indulge the babies and lives somewhere between the adult and Rugrat world. The second animated show, Winnie the Pooh, also has a cast of diverse characters. There's Pooh, a wonderful bear with a huge heart and a little brain. He has a happy and helpful nature and an innocence that makes him a very straightforward character. Pooh bear's best friend is Piglet. He's portrayed as a small a fearful type but is actually the most courageous creature in the 100-Acre Wood. Piglet can face anything with his friend Pooh at his side. Next there is Eeyore my personal favorite. Eeyore is a gloomy-Gus donkey that pretends not to care what anyone thinks. He's the group's resident pessimist who secretly loves when his friends appreciate him. Tigger is the bouncy, one of a kind Tiger that has a wonderful self-image and is brimming with enthusiasm. The last main character is Rabbit. Rabbit is the solid citizen that always has a plan for something or other, usually to teach Tigger some kind of lesson. He loves nothing more than to tend his garden and keep everyone in order, al though Tigger usually is in his way! Both Rugrats and Winnie the Pooh are geared for young children. They do, however, appeal to the older segment of children. Discriminations and prejudices about race and ethnic groups are not openly portrayed and addressed they are, however, present. In my opinion the interaction of the characters deal with different types of diversity every day. Whether it's the way in which the characters interact with each other or the choices they make when they find themselves faced with something new and different. I don't believe that this type of programming would confuse a child because it

Eisenhowers Warnings essays

Eisenhowers Warnings essays In Eisenhowers Farewell Address, the president gave warnings to his people regarding the influence of "the military-industrial complex." After engaging in three of the four major wars of the century, America arose as the strongest nation. In response to the worlds turmoil, America built up the armament industry. The nation began to prepare for war before the threat arose instead of waiting until wartime to make ready the weapons. There was also a technological revolution during these post-war years. During this revolution, the government began to conduct and direct research. With these two advances in American history, Eisenhower felt there were a number of possible negative outcomes, and therefore, he warns his people about the distruction that these new develops have the potential to cause. Some of the dangers of the complex that he mentions in his speech include: rise of misplaced power, endangering our liberties or democratic policies, public becoming a captive of a scientific-technological elite, and becoming a community of dreadful fear and hate. Eisenhower feels that the countrys move to preparedness for war is taking them farther away from peace. In his perfect world, people would not solve their conflicts by fighting, but by peacefully negotiation. I think that his view is admirable and would probably be the best possible way to deal with things, but I do not find it to be all that realistic. The possible scenarios and problems that he came up with are all possible, and I agree that they are all probable, but I do not feel like peace among all nations will ever exist until we are at war with other worlds. People need war and conflict to survive and if we take that need away, we will in essence be defying nature and that seems to also end in anarchy. Is it better to be in turmoil as one nation or as an entire universe? ...

The Commodification of Human Organs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The Commodification of Human Organs - Essay Example In short, these programmes have failed to make more organs available for transplantation. They are just unable to meet the requirements of the patients' needs for donated organs. On the face of this dearth of available organs that could have saved or qualitatively enhanced suffering human life, a more sympathetic attitude has long been entertained to create proposals for alternative procurement of organs. This includes provision of compensation to the organ donors. However, this has become an open secret in practice since there is an ongoing debate about the ethical pros and cons of this phenomenon and there are rigorous ethical norms exercised by the authority in this matter. The healthcare professionals who are involved in this area are actually in a dilemma, following ethics strictly leads almost to no practice, and hiding the truth is unethical. This work deals with this dilemma, and tries to critically examine this issue from this author's perspective. In the latter half of the 20th century, the possibility of transplanting organs became real. New advances in immunology and understanding of the mechanism of organ transplantation lead to development of new technologies for transplantation and support for the transplanted organ that, otherwise, would have been rejected by the recipient. Meanwhile, the medical profession accepted the concept of brain death that indicated a point at which death of an individual might officially be declared. Since organ transplantation has become feasible, many ethical issues and questions have arisen. The most important of them was the propriety of arbitrarily redefining death so as to make organ retrieval more easily possible. Gradually, as the science and technique advanced, more and more questions grounded on ethics started coming up. The history also indicates a future (Baker LR., 2000). The rate science is advancing, in the near future, the dream of growing organs from stem cells may materialize. In that case, naturally, the ethical issues encircling transplanting organs from newly dead or from living donors may become irrelevant. Regrettably, this is not the case at present. Ethical rigorousness in preventing financial exchanges around an available organ may, therefore, lead to a situation where some critically ill patients in need of an organ transplant would meet certain, agonizing, and perhaps unnecessary death (Dworkin R., 1993). At this point in time, some of the earlier ethical objections and quandaries, such as, whether organ or tissue donation is ethically permissible in the first place or whether selections made by groups of people were legitimate option, have become irrelevant largely, either because finding, advancement in science, or public consensus has resolved them. Despite this, some very critical ones remain still. These are not around the substantive question of the probity of transplantation in the first place. Ethics have accepted the legitimacy of transplantation very much, and now the probe is on the issues of allocation. In fact, among the most important of the issues that is to be dealt with in relation to the ethics of organ transplantation are the questions dealing with the mode, process, or rules of organ allocation, not to individual patients per se but allocation to centres which in turn allocate to individuals (English, V. and Sommerville, A., 2003). Death

The Joy Luck Club (novel) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Joy Luck Club (novel) - Essay Example She not only accomplishes the goal of her mother on her behalf, but also gets to learn more about her mother as a result of the unique experience of reuniting with her long lost and never seen before half-sisters. Jing-mei and Waverly share the feeling of regret of having lost ties with their indigenous Chinese culture in their attempts to identify themselves with the Americans. Jing-mei and Waverly share the same cultural differences with their respective mothers which also happen to be the cause of misunderstandings between the daughters and the mothers. On one hand, Jing-mei does not find her mother as supportive, understanding, and leveraging as she would like her to be as an American and on the other hand, Waverly is uncomfortable with and afraid of the criticism that her mother offers to Waverly’s fiance Rich; â€Å"But I worried for Rich. Because I knew my feelings for him were vulnerable to being felled by my mother’s suspicions, passing remarks, and innuendosà ¢â‚¬  (Tan 175). ... Waverly seems to be setting the standards and Jing-mei seems to be knocked out mostly. This can be fundamentally attributed to the fact that rather than realize her own potential and qualities, Jing-mei keeps comparing herself to Waverly all the time. Waverly inherits invisible strength from her mother that she uses to strategize, and when she does that to Jing-mei, Jing-mei feels downplayed. The very strength makes Waverly develop a sense of competitiveness because of which, she becomes Jing-mei’s rival and insults her at the dinner of Suyuan’s New Year in front of others. Jing-mei finds Waverly too difficult and offensive to talk to. She explains this in these words, â€Å"I felt like screaming. She could be so sneaky with her insults. Every time I asked her the simplest of tax questions, for example, she could turn the conversation around and make it seem as if I were too cheap to pay for her legal advice† (Tan 204). The Episode of crabs illustrates that Waver ly wants only the very best and is intelligent enough to choose it while Jing-mei is not which is why she does not know what are the best qualities to look for in a crab and also she gets belittled by Waverly at the dinner. Jing-mei’s relation toward Waverly changes over time as she reflects upon her own weaknesses. She realizes that in her attempt to keep competing with Waverly, she has been finding herself coming up short; â€Å"I turned on the water to wash the dishes. And I no longer felt angry at Waverly. I felt tired and foolish, as if I had been running to escape someone chasing me, only to look behind and discover there was no one there† (Tan 207). In spite of her weaknesses and insecurities, Jing-mei has a lot of room for improvement and she does improve as the novel

Step 1 of 4 Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Step 1 of 4 Paper - Essay Example How information flows from level to level in a company is also determined by the organizational structure. Decisions flow from top to down in a centralized structure while in a decentralized structure, making decisions is done at various different levels (Wailgum, 2007).Decentralized decision making should be preferred by managers because it gives the opportunity to the employees to participate in decision-making. This makes them have a sense of ownership of the company and, therefore, give their best. Companies can streamline their operations if they establish a hierarchical structure whose chain of command is clear. The organizational leadership structure should be able to provide direct supervision and regular feedback from employees (Lu, 2014). Corporate decision making allows all stakeholders be involved in decision making and their contributions valued. Autocratic leadership makes managers the sole decision makers and deters innovativeness as the creative employees do not get a room of implementing or sharing their ideas. Therefore, participative leadership which boosts the morale of employees because their contribution to the decision-making process is appreciated should be adopted by company heads. The success of any business is determined by the innovativeness of the company. Through innovation, companies bring into the market new products and services. Innovative methods assist companies reduce costs of operation and enhance customer satisfaction through quality improvement. Innovativeness can only be realized if creative employees are given room to share and implement their ideas. Leadership style used should support creativity and innovativeness among the employees to enhance the performance of their companies. Gilmore (2014) observes that the state of the art technology and network design has enabled Wal-Mart to track and predict inventory levels, manage customer service response logistics and relationships, develop more efficient

Origins of Tissues Macrophages

Origins of Tissues Macrophages Ryan Lewis    Discuss current ideas about the origins of tissue macrophages and whether these origins influence the subsequent functions of macrophage Graphical Abstract Figure Legend: This figure highlights possible tissue macrophage origins and their development pathways. The essay discusses contradicting findings in the literature, involving three different publications; Sheng et al, 2015 (blue pathway), Hoeffel et al, 2015 (red pathway) and Perdiguero et al, 2015 (green pathway) which are shown in the figure. Cell positions relate to the time point they are established during embryonic development. Positions of yolk sac and foetal liver are also related to the times they are developed. Introduction In the late 19th century Ilya Metchnikoff discovered macrophages (Tauber, 2003) and since then our understanding of the immune system and its complexity has progressed to a stage where the macrophage is no longer as simple as was originally depicted by Metchnikoff. Although much more is known about tissue specific macrophages and their functions, the origins of these macrophages are less well understood including how their origins relate to the functions they have within specific tissues. This essay aims to address the current ideas about the origins of tissue macrophages and whether these origins influence the subsequent functions of macrophages. Macrophage Discovery and History As previously mentioned Metchnikoff discovered the macrophage late in the 19th century (Tauber, 2003). Metchnikoff published a paper talking about phagocytic cells he had observed in frogs, he described the phagocytic cells as being involved in host defence but also the clearing of dead and dying cells (Gordon, 2007). Mechnikoff then discovered the presence macrophages in starfish, which dont have a vascular system, which led him to the discovery of tissue-resident macrophages (Gordon, 2007). Metchnikoff received the Nobel prize for his studies on cellular immunity to infection in vertebrates which he shared with Paul Ehrlich who discovered humoral immunity (Gordon, 2007). It took roughly 80 years after Metchnikoffs discovery before the origin of the tissue macrophage was uncovered. It was proposed that tissue macrophages originated from circulating monocytes in the blood (van Furth and Cohn, 1968), this theory has persisted for the last 40 years however from recent studies we know t hat this is not the primary origin of the tissue macrophage. Shortly after the theory that tissue macrophages originated from circulating monocytes was proposed, it was discovered that tissue macrophages and monocytes are heterogenous and their heterogeneity is conserved in humans and mice (Gordon and Taylor, 2005). The discovery of monocyte subsets followed shortly after in 1983, which supported the theory that tissue macrophages originated from circulating monocytes (Yona and Jung, 2009). The theory that tissue macrophages are derived from circulating monocytes has been the prevailing view until very recently partly due to the arrival of advanced techniques including; fate mapping and ionizing radiation. In the last 5-6 years, many definitive publications have redefined our understanding of the origins of tissue macrophages (Epelman et al, 2014). Recent studies have shown that many tissue macrophages are established during embryonic development and continually self-replenish into adulthood independently of any input from circulating monocytes in the blood (Epelman et al, 2014; Ginhoux et al, 2010; Hashimoto et al, 2013; Yona et al, 2013). Tissue Macrophage Heterogeneity and Function Tissue macrophage have a huge degree of heterogeneity which reflects upon the specialization of their functions in different tissues and locations (Gordon and Taylor, 2005). Macrophage heterogeneity is required to ensure the tissue macrophage has the most effective phenotype to tackle its specific microenvironment, this is particularly important in the gut. Tissue macrophages in the gut isolated from the lamina propria have a unique phenotype characterised by high phagocytic and bactericidal activity but very poor production of pro-inflammatory cytokines which makes them perfectly suited to their microenvironment (Gordon and Taylor, 2005). There are many specialised tissue macrophages that have very distinct functions including; osteoclasts in the bone which breakdown bone deposits for bone remodelling, alveolar macrophages (dust cells) in the lung that break down foreign material and pathogens, and microglia in the brain which play a role in neuronal development homeostasis and the recovery from pathology (Boyce et al, 2008; Rubins, 2003; Prinz et al, 2014). The theory that tissue macrophage populations are replenished from circulating monocytes in the blood is somewhat true but the most diverse tissue macrophages such as microglia, alveolar macrophages and osteoclasts are replenished through self-renewal and proliferation (Yona and Jung, 2009). There is a substantial number of studies discussing whether macrophages originating from monocytes in the blood can differentiate into resident tissue macrophages. In most cases the monocyte subset that the macrophage originated from determines its ability to differentiate into a specialized resident tissue macrophage, this is particularly true in the lung as studies have shown only Ly6Clo, not Ly6Chi, monocytes have the ability to differentiate into enchymal lung macrophages (Landsman et al, 2007). In regards to the more complex and specialised alveolar macrophages in the lung, studies have shown that these macrophage s require a parenchymal lung macrophage intermediate (Landsman and Jung, 2007). Circulating monocytes in the blood were long believed to be the origin of specialised tissue macrophages but recent evidence has shown that this is incorrect and proven that many of these tissue macrophage populations are developed long before birth (Epelman et al, 2014). Origins of Tissue Macrophages Macrophages are first observed during embryonic day 6.5 and are produced in the yolk sac during what is termed as primitive haematopoiesis (Epelman et al, 2014). During this early stage in development macrophages are the only immune cell produced due to restricted progenitors in the yolk sac. During embryonic days 8.5 10.5 hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) emerge from the aorta-gonad meso-nephros (AGM) and give rise to all immune lineages (Epelman et al, 2014). At embryonic day 10.5 HSCs migrate from the AGM to the foetal liver, the foetal liver then becomes the major hematopoietic organ until birth. Only after birth do bone marrow HSCs become the primary progenitors and produce all immune lineages (Orkin and Zon, 2008). Microglia are the only tissue macrophages that are established in the yolk sac and are self-maintained through-out adulthood, all the other tissue macrophages are established from embryonic day 14.5 to birth and either self-maintained by proliferation or replenished b y HSCs in the bone marrow (Ginhoux et al, 2010; Sheng et al, 2015). The arrival of fat-mapping techniques have enabled researchers to precisely track embryonic macrophage populations into adulthood, giving an insight into the relationship between resident tissue macrophages and circulating blood monocytes (Epelman et al, 2014). As previously discussed, microglia are the only tissue macrophage originating from the yolk sac and arise before embryonic day 8 (Ginhoux et al 2010). Fate mapping analysis was used to determine that the origin of microglia was the primitive myeloid precursors in the yolk sac and also proved that microglia are self-maintained independently of any circulating blood monocytes (Ginhoux et al, 2010). There is also evidence that Langerhans cells originate from the yolk sac but only partially (Sheng et al, 2015). The fate mapping study by Sheng proved that microglia and Langerhans cells were the only tissue macrophages that originate from yolk sac precursors and th at most adult tissue macrophages originate from a second wave of haematopoiesis driven by HSCs. (Sheng et al, 2015). The number recent of publications concerning tissue macrophage origins is staggering and is most likely attributed to the arrival of fate mapping techniques. With the large surge of new studies regarding tissue macrophage origins it is important that a clear understanding is generated but this is not always possible with such a complicated subject. Contrasting Studies into Tissue Macrophage Origins There are a few recent studies concerning tissue macrophage origins which are particularly interesting. Sheng (Sheng et al, 2015) arrived at the conclusion that most tissue macrophages originate from HSCs however there are a few publications which contradict Shengs findings. Perdiguero concluded that yolk sac derived erythro-myeloid progenitors, were origin of almost all tissue macrophages which contrasts greatly with Shengs observations. (Perdiguero et al, 2015). Perdiguero also concluded that microglia were derived from erythro-myeloid progenitors rather than primitive yolk sac progenitors that was observed by Sheng, although both do come from the yolk sac (Perdiguero et al, 2015; Sheng et al, 2015). Perdiguero predicted that almost all other tissue macrophages originated from erythro-myeloid progenitors (Perdiguero et al, 2015; Sheng et al, 2015). A study by Hoeffel aligned well with Perdigueros observations but Hoeffel observed that primitive yolk sac progenitors gave rise to mic roglia rather than erythro-myeloid progenitors that was observed by Perdiguero (Hoeffel et al, 2015; Perdiguero et al, 2015). As well as the difference in the development of microglia, Hoeffel predicted that erythro-myeloid progenitors migrated to the foetal liver, giving rise to foetal monocytes which were then responsible for the production of tissue macrophages. (Hoeffel et al, 2015). Each of these 3 examples also propose a separate proposed major path of ontogeny and differentiation to adult tissue macrophage state. Perdiguero proposes erythro-myeloid progenitors from the yolk sac as the major precursor of tissue macrophages, Heoffel proposes erythro-myeloid progenitors from the foetal liver, as foetal monocytes, as the major precursor and, Sheng proposes that HSCs from the foetal liver are the major precursor (Perdiguero et al, 2015; Hoeffel et al, 2015; Sheng et al, 2015; Guinhoux and Guilliams, 2016). Although the observations made by Sheng are profoundly different to those m ade by Perdiguero and Hoeffel it could be down to the fate mapping technique they used. The model they used is not adapted to distinguish between late erythro-myeloid progenitors and foetal HSCs which has clearly effected the conclusion they have come to (Guinhoux and Guilliams, 2016). Although fate mapping has great potential in advancing our knowledge of cellular ontogeny there are certain limitation that come with it and these limitations must be considered when designing experiments and analysing data (Guinhoux and Guilliams, 2016). Do Tissue Macrophage Origins Matter? Determining the origins of tissue macrophages may be valuable for furthering our knowledge and understanding of their development but do their origins have any influence in determining their function? As well as ontogeny, diversity in the functions of tissue macrophages can also be attributed to the local signals received by the macrophages. These local changes can drive the expression of unique transcription factors which in turn lead to different functions (Lavin et al, 2015). There is a lot of evidence to suggest that the tissue macrophages microenvironment can alter its function, the plasticity of tissue macrophages allows them to adjust their functions to inflammatory events (Lavin et al, 2015). Using ionizing radiation most embryonic-derived tissue macrophages can be eliminated, they can then be replaced with donor-derived bone marrow progenitors to determine if the wild type state of the tissue can be restored. Using this technique, studies have proven that bone marrow progeni tors can completely restore the enhancer profile and transcriptional programme of the embryonic-derived tissue macrophages that were eliminated (Lavin et al, 2015). A very recent study has shown that yolk sac macrophages, foetal liver monocytes and adult bone marrow monocytes can all successfully differentiate into alveolar macrophages in the lung after the removal of the native alveolar macrophages using ionizing radiation (van de Laar et al, 2016). The study also showed that other already developed tissue macrophages, liver, peritoneal and colon macrophages cannot successfully differentiate into alveolar macrophages in the lung. This finding suggests that the plasticity of the mononuclear phagocyte system is at its largest during the precursor stage and after differentiation to tissue-resident macrophages no further phenotypic changes of macrophage types can take place (van de Laar, 2016). Perhaps the most interesting finding from this study is that the alveolar macrophages differ entiated from yolk sac macrophages, foetal liver monocytes and bone marrow monocytes were still able to self-maintain and prevent alveolar proteinosis (van de Laar, 2016). Similar results have also been observed with Kupffer cells. Kupffer cells were eliminated from the liver using diphtheria toxin-mediated depletion allowing its niche to become vacant. Observations showed that circulating monocytes can engraft the liver and adopt the transcriptional profile of the eliminated Kupffer cells and also become long-living self-renewing cells like their eliminated counterparts (Scott et al, 2015). These new findings question whether the origin of tissue macrophages is truly important to their function as the progenitors and monocytes tested have all been able to restore the tissues lost macrophages successfully without any loss of function. Conclusion Although determining the origins of tissue macrophages and other members of the immune system is important for the progression of our knowledge it remains to be seen whether the actual origins have any implications on the function of the tissue macrophages. The techniques used in the publications discussed are still very new and still require refinement, I believe further refinement of the techniques will enable a more detailed and accurate description on the origins of tissue macrophages and the role the origins play in their function. References       BOYCE, B.F., YAO, Z. XING, L. 2009Osteoclasts have multiple roles in bone addition to bone resorption.Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression, 19.3, 171-180 EPELMAN, S., LAVINE, K.J. RANDOLPH, G.J. 2014Origin and functions of tissue macrophages.Immunity, 41.1, 21-35 GINHOUX, F., GRETER, M., LEBOEUF, M., NANDI, S., SEE, P., GOKHAN, S., MEHLER, M.F., CONWAY, S.J., GUAN NG, L., STANLEY, E.R., SAMOKHVALOV, I.M. MERAD, M. 2010Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult microglia derive from primitive macrophages.Science, 330.6005, 841-845 GUINHOUX, F. GUILLIAMS 2016Tissue-resident macrophage ontogeny and homeostasis.Immunity, 44.3, 439-449 GORDON, S. 2007The macrophage: past, present and future.European Journal of Immunology, 37, 9-17 GORDON, S. TAYLOR, P.R. 2005Monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity.Nature Reviews: Immunology, 5.12, 953-964 HASHIMOTO, D., CHOW, A., NOIZAT, C., TEO, P., BEASLEY, M.B., LEBOEUF, M., BECKER, C.D., SEE, P., PRICE, J., LUCAS, D., GRETER, M., MORTHA, A., BOYER, S.W., FORSBERG, E.C., TANAKA, M., VAN ROOIJEN, N., GARCIA-SASTRE, A., STANLEY, E.R., GINHOUX, F., FRENETTE, P.S. MERAD, M. 2013Tissue-resident macrophages self-maintain locally throughout adult life with minimal contribution from circulating monocytes.Immunity, 38.4, 792-804 HOEFFEL, G., CHEN, J., LAVIN, Y., LOW, D., ALMEIDA, F.F., SEE, P., BEAUDIN, A.E., LUM, J., LOW, I., FORSBERG, E.C, POIDINGER, M., ZOLEZZI, F., LARBI, A., NG, L.G., CHAN, J.K., GRETER, J.K., BECHER, B., SAMOKHVALOV, I.M., MERAD, M. GINHOUX, F. 2015C-Myb(+) erythro-myeloid progenitor-derived fetal monocytes give rise to adult tissue-resident macrophages.Immunity, 42.4, 665-678 LANDSMAN, L., VAROL, C. JUNG, S. 2007Distinct differentiation potential of blood monocyte subsets in the lung. Journal of Immunology, 178.4, 2000-2007 LANDSMAN, L. JUNG, S. 2007Lung macrophages serve as obligatory intermediate between blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages.Journal of Immunology, 179.6, 3488-3494 LAVIN, Y., MORTHA, A., RAHMAN, A. MERAD, M. 2016Regulation of macrophage development and function in peripheral tissues.Nature Reviews: Immunology, 15.12, 731-744 ORKIN, S.H. ZON, L.I. 2008Haematopoiesis: an evolving paradigm for stem cell biology.Cell, 132, 631-644 PERDIGUERO, E.G., KLAPPROTH, K., SCHULZ, C., BUSCH, K., AZZONI, E., CROZET, L., GARNER, H., TROUILLET, C., DE BRUIJN, M.F., GEISSMANN, F. RODEWALD, H.R. 2014Tissue-resident macrophages originate from yolk-sac-derived erythro-myeloid progenitors.Nature, 518, 547-551 PRINZ, M., TAY, T.L., WOLF, Y. JUNG, S. 2014Microglia: unique and common features with other tissue macrophages.Acta Neuropathologica, 128.3, 319-331 RUBINS, J.B. 2003Alveolar macrophages: wielding the double-edged sword of inflammation.American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 167.2, 103-104 SCOTT, C.L., ZHENG, F., DE BAETSELIER, P., MARTENS, L., SAEYS, Y., DE PRIJCK, S., LIPPENS, S., ABELS, C., SCHOONOOGHE, S., RAES, G., DEVOOGDT, N., LAMBRECHT, B.N., BESCHIN, A. GUILLIAMS, M. 2016Bone marrow-derived monocytes give rise to self-renewing and fully differentiated Kupffer cells.Nature Communications, 7, 10321 SHENG, J., RUEDL, C. KARJALAINEN, K. 2015Most tissue-resident macrophages except microglia are derived from fetal hematopoietic stem cells.Immunity, 43.2, 382-393 TAUBER, A.I. 2003Metchnikoff and the phagocytosis theory.Nature Reviews: Molecular Cell Biology, 4, 897-901 VAN DE LAAR, L., SAELENS, W., DE PRIJCK, S., MARTENS, L., SCOTT, C.L., VAN ISTERDAEL, G., HOFFMANN, E., BEYAERT, R., SAEYS, Y., LAMBRECHT, B.N. GUILLIAMS, M. 2016Yolk sac macrophages, fetal liver, and adult monocytes can colonize an empty niche and develop into functional tissue-resident macrophages.Immunity, 44.4, 755-768 VAN FURTH, R. COHN, Z.A. 1968The origin and kinetics of mononuclear phagocytes.The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 128.3, 415-435 YONA, S., KIM, K.W., WOLF, Y., MILDNER, A., VAROL, D., BRECKER, M., STRAUSS-AYALI, D., VIUKOV, S., GUILLIAMS, M., MISHARIN, A., HUME, D.A., PERLMAN, H., MALISSEN, B., ZELZER, E. JUNG, S. 2013Fate mapping reveals origins and dynamics of monocytes and tissue macrophages under homeostasis.Immunity, 38.1, 79-91 YONA, S. JUNG, S. 2009Monocytes: subsets, origins, fates, and functions. Current Opinion in Hematology, 17.1, 53-59

The Atkins Diet Versus Low-Fat Diets Essay -- Health Nutrition Diet Ex

The Atkins Diet Versus Low-Fat Diets   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Atkins diet and the USDA recommended low-fat diet seem to be on the opposite sides of the diet spectrum. These two diets have many differences and no apparent similarities, other than the goal of losing weight. These differences include the results of the diets, possible side effects, and the theories behind the diets. The Atkins diet recommends reducing carbohydrate intake in order to lose weight. Conversely, the low-fat diet recommends reducing caloric intake to lose weight; especially the calories from fat. The Atkins diet and the low- fat diet differ in the methods behind their diets, the results that participants experience while on the diet and the possible side effects linked to the diet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The methods behind the Atkins diet and the low-fat diet differ extensively. The Atkins diet is based on the theory that a reduction in carbohydrate intake will lower the dieter’s body weight. The recommended amount of carbohydrates for this diet is 20 grams for the first phase of the diet. During the second stage of the diet, participants are encouraged to increase their carbohydrate intake by 5 grams every week until their weight loss has stopped. Usually the intake of carbohydrates remains under 30 grams a day for the duration of the diet. The rest of the diet consists of an unlimited amount of protein and fat. On the other hand, the low-fat diet restricts caloric intake about 2,000 calories (depending on your age, sex, and height) in order to lose weight. Within the dieter’s restricted amount of calories; 30% of the overall calories can be from fat, 10% from protein, and 60 % from carbohydrates. On a 2,000 calorie diet, this wo... ...n negative side effects due to the lack of fiber through fruits, vegetables and grains; whereas those on low-fat diets have shown the positive side effect of a lowered risk of heart disease.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Atkins diet and the low-fat diet show differences in their method of weight loss, the short-term and long-term results of their diet and the side effects that are caused by the method of the diet. The Atkins diet emphasizes the reduction of carbohydrates from the diet in order to lose weight; whereas the low-fat diet emphasizes the reduction of calories, especially those high in fat. The Atkins method seems to cause more weight loss than the low-fat diet within the first 3-6 months but shows similar loss after 12 months. But this increased weight loss early in the diet is accompanied by more negative side effects than the low- fat diet.

Lean On Me Film Review Essay

In the film Lean on Me, Joe Clark, played by Morgan Freeman, took on the responsibility of being the principle for a troubled inner-city high school. The students at this high school were mainly minority children, faced by issues of poverty, drugs, and racism everyday. The state of New Jersey claimed that this school was heading nowhere but down and that the teachers were unable to teach the children the basic skills they needed to survive in the world. I feel the causes of the schools poor quality was to the lack of money & funds they receive from the state which lead to poor programming. The children whom attended the school had a lack of motivation and direction. They were unsure as to what they wanted to achieve with their lives. They needed to be inspired by their teachers, and their families. However, as seen in this film, children in the inner-city setting often never find the inspiration and direction they need to succeed. Many of them have parents that do not want to play an active role in the lives of their children. I feel that in the case of this film, Joe Clark?s authoritarian methodology of administering was very effective. This school and the children who attended it needed someone to ?take charge?, and build it back up to shape. He first kicked out the ?trouble students?, then he cleaned the halls of the graffiti, then he chained the doors to keep the drug dealers out. He gave students confidence and inspiration to succeed. He gave them a common goal, to ?prove the state wrong?. He enforced in their minds that they were not ignorant and they were capable of anything. By insisting they learn the school song he gave them a sense of pride. I feel that Joe Clark did just what the school and most importantly the students needed to ?turn the school around?. In the end, his methods of leadership worked, for the students achieved just what they had set out to do, pass the basic skills test given by the state. The women who fought Joe Clark?s methodology, was played by Lynne Thigpen. She was portrayed as ?wench?, who was demanding on the city to get rid of Joe Clark because he chained the school doors and was in violation of the cities fire code. However, I feel she was really just upset because he  expelled the ?problem children? out of the school, one of whom was her son. Instead of blaming herself as a parent for the failure of her son, she turned the blame on the school system and those who run it. While some critics would say that she was being portrayed in a positive light, as being a strong and determined black women. I feel that is false, I feel she is being portrayed as ignorant and arrogant and just wants revenge for something that was her own fault because she is not being an attentive and responsible parent. I also feel that the music plays an important role in this film. The music in the film is what gives the children hope and pride. The title of the movie is from the song ?Lean on Me?, written by Bill Withers. This song has lyrics that bring hope to the children. ?Some times in our lives we all have pain, we all have sorrow, but if you are wise we know there is always tomorrow. Lean on me, when your not strong, and I?ll give you hope, I?ll help you carry on.? It is relating to the students by saying we all face struggles, but we need to have hope that we can survive, and sometimes we need to get support and inspiration from others in order to stay strong and succeed. This song reminds these children that they are not alone and they can achieve anything if they put their minds to it. I feel that this song explains the theme of the movie, in the face of trouble anyone can succeed as long as they are motivated and try their hardest, and they have the love and support of others. In conclusion, I enjoyed this movie and I feel this film was very palatable because its characters were well developed and very believable. Its screenplay was written very well and is very realistic. We, as young adults can relate to this film because the issues these children face are the same issues that children in face everyday, and even more so for those who come from the inner city themselves.

After whetting Michael Collins

After whetting Michael Collins and knowing a little more about the things he did and the way he did things it really opened my eyes to the situation in Ireland. I had seen the movie before but after I wrote my policy paper on the IRA and then saw it again I really understood the problems in Ireland. Before I watched the movie for the second time I really saw what Collins was after. I thought that he was some radical terrorist who was 100 percent on the side of the IRA no matter what the sercumstances were. After I saw it again and knew more about him and the IRA he was one of the members of the IRA who was willing to take what the British was offering and work from there. I dont see him as a man who was willing to be in a constant war to receive independence. He was involved in attacks and battles, but I dont think that is what he wanted for the rest of his life and thats why he took the partial independence. What he believed in cost him his life and started a civil war between the IRA and the New Free Irish State. What Collins did was create something positive in a country with no hope or future. He gave his country hope for the future in exchange for his friends and a constant fear for his life. What he did has not stopped what the IRA does or hopes to do but he did! give them something to build on and hopefully to negotiate with the British on something to resolve this never ending battle. I always knew what the IRA was to some extent, but now I think I have the right perspective on what they are. I always thought that they were a group of raging lunatics running around bombing towns and killing people. Now I know they did bomb towns and fight battles for years, but it was for the right to be called an independent country.

You Are Essays - Alright, Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

You Are Essays - Alright, Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers You Are To you you are nothing To me you are everything To you you are confided To me you are no higher To you you are alright To me you are so bright To you I am everything To me you are everythin To me you are everything Bibliography Dallas crocker cool daddy

Albert Pope, Columbia Bicycles, and Mass Production Assignment

Albert Pope, Columbia Bicycles, and Mass Production - Assignment Example Pope’s response reflects the American capitalist culture which emphasizes that individual ability and inventiveness are the bedrock of successful businesses. 8. Pope held that the US produced bicycles of superior quality and more profitability than Britain due to the absence of labor unions, facilitating the introduction of labor saving machines and cutting down on the number of employees. 9. The Fordist factory shows specialized departments, vertical integration and large volume of manufacture. Flexible firms are vertically disintegrated, have no specialization, and employ geographically scattered labor. Pope’s factory was concentrated geographically into one industrial complex; there were specialized departments for the manufacture of various components; vertically integration was emphasized, with Pope buying out his suppliers, such as the Weed Sewing Machine Company and the Hartford Rubber Works. In addition to innovation in bicycle parts, Pope adopted innovations in the production process, such as stamping and pressing methods, cold drawn steel, case hardening, swaging, annealing, electric welding, and die making. 15. The ownership of valuable patents constituted assets for the company; competition led to investment in technological innovation and industrial espionage; rapid innovation in technology made older models obsolete. 25. In order to promote the use of bicycles by women, Pope attempted to overcome the obstacle posed by the lack of socially accepted, appropriate dress for women cyclists. By donating $ 100 for a competition at the elitist Waldorf Hotel for the best doll in a cycling costume, Pope promoted cycling among the upper classes, secured a socially-sanctioned bicycling costume and received favorable publicity. 26. Pope countered church criticism of bicycling on Sundays by portraying cycling as a means of exercise leading to good health, and therefore meriting divine approval. He also indicated that

Lack of communication between students and academic advisors Essay

Lack of communication between students and academic advisors - Essay Example First, students are not assigned to ‘individual advisors’; in other words, they keep on changing advisors as the course of their study progresses; hence, the problem crops up as a result of inconsistent communication. For sure, there are differences in advising strategies from one advisor to another so once a student is not being assigned to his or her individual advisor throughout the entire duration of the study, it only blurs the approaches that students will have to implement in their studies. Second is record keeping: the downside of having to be assigned to various teachers is the lack of constant communication and the disarray of record-keeping. As aforementioned, each advisor has varying counseling and advising strategies; and this only cause nothing but potential confusion on the part of the student. Because they are not assigned to a single advisor, chances are they are not going to develop a singular approach towards their study or research. And that is aside from the fact that they do not get to meet their advisor on a permanent basis. Lastly, the issues on policies whether to employ individual advising or one on one advising or not only exacerbate the situation: academic institutions should be able to address this concern once and for all. Lack of communication between students and advisors is a result of inconsistency of meetings between students and advisors. If we can get the students assigned to a single advisor throughout the entire duration of their study, then there is a greater chance that they will be able to complete their degrees; but again, the decision entirely depends on the policies of the schools. The above argument proves that each student should be given a separate student and not a horde of people who just care to get done with their work without much caring about the probable outcomes of their research. Coming to our main issue, dealing with the biased attitude towards students that are not assigned to individual ad visors. Coming to other questions which state that since this is such a small proportion of people so why such big enforcements are needed? The answer is that they are citizens too and thence it is their right to have everything that is destined for them. Though, this is agreed that there are laws for the disabled but how many people respect them? And how many universities; both private and state universities, follow the instructions laid down by the ADA act? So the duty falls upon the fellow students to minimize their biases and help push the implementation of policies that encourage assignment to individual advisors. Contentions on Policy Changes One particular reason as to why assigning students to individual advisors cannot be carried out is that the student to teacher ratio suggests it cannot be done. Well, that is if the intention is to assign one student per advisor and that is it. However, assignment of students to individual advisors should not be defined by claiming the en tire exclusivity of the advisor for the students advising needs for the entire duration of the study. The point is that students needs to have â€Å"

Week 3-Terence Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Week 3-Terence - Coursework Example The main reason for these companies to adopt this technology is to have them make decisions that favor the entire global market. Having a globally distributed team comes with the challenge of mistrust among some team members. However, there are some factors that the management can rely on to create trust among these team players in different parts of the world (Allison, 2013). The first factor to be considered is having directed and reflected knowledge to be shared among the team members. Directed messages will always tell the exact information being conveyed. Due to this, members trust their fellows since there are no irrelevant stories to hide the reality. Having the information that the team share reflected in some reference point also boosts trust. Social communication is another factor that is helpful in building trust in team members who will never meet face-to-face. In this level of communication the workers will discuss informal factors such as how their holidays or weekend were spent. In the process of doing this they get to know each other more and the trust is created. For example, a worker based in America can chat with his fellow in Asia discussing the summer holidays. In the process, these workers will trust each other (Carmody, 2012). The ability of the team to combine resources despite the distance between them is also crucial for trust to exist. In this case, the team members at different points in the world they operate from get to coordinate themselves and share what the team needs to accomplish its goals. If they can do this then eventually the members will create trust among themselves (Chesebro, 2012). One of the new technologies that organizations are nowadays adopting to improve communication among their team members who are globally distributed is the groove virtual office. The technology relies on the ability of the Microsoft software that can connect many servers from different parts

Multicultural Health Care Setting Essay Example for Free

Multicultural Health Care Setting Essay Nurses must be cultural competent before going abroad for them to be able to deliver nursing care that will allow effective interactions and the development of appropriate responses to persons from diverse cultures, races and ethnic backgrounds. Filipino nurses were overworked and underpaid in their own country, which is believed the reason that prods nurses to migrate. One main reason why Filipino nurses work abroad is to have a better future, where ever it may be, beside, most of Filipino nurses were somehow oriented about the culture of other states. They thought that it is better to shift gears for success rather waiting for nothing until they will got old. The principle of each and every Filipino nurses that works abroad, which is to have a better life in days to come is always proven, and the effectiveness of hard work and patience will always have the good result, and a better way of living that will bring them in each sweat that they done best, one of the good factor in working abroad is having the assurance to the successful, if one will do their best to do their best to pursue the dreamed to have a better life. Every Filipino nurses before going abroad must possess cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skill, cultural encounter and cultural desire. Q2. How can the revealed problems of nurses affect the changing practices in the multicultural health settings? Being in new country can be challenging because of the link between language and culture. Although other countries have the necessary language qualifications for entry of practice, they have difficulties if the workplace language is their second language. Nurses need to adjust on how to interact with patients, colleagues and fellow professionals in a multi-disciplinary team. They can experience cognitive fatigue from the need to concentrate on hearing and speaking of unfamiliar language. Language difficulties can lead to medical errors or near misses which affects the quality of care to patient. Male nurses can also face discrimination from other health care workers. Particularly in a work place full of female nurses, they may find they are not given the same respect that female nurses receive in the work place. It is important to speak to a supervisor, where it involves a colleague; they should try speaking to that person first. He may not have recognised that what they were saying amounted to discrimination. Everyone deserves a work place free from discrimination and stereotyping. The more men who continue to train to become nurses and more everyone speaks but against discrimination, the more effective all nurses can be in helping patients. Nurses who are sexually harassed at work frustration and emotional consequences. Sexual harassment at work increases anxiety and undermines the nurse’s ability to focus on the delivery of safe and competent care. Homesickness, weather and food are hard for the Filipino nurses to be adjusted of. But for the sake of their future they conquer this problem. They just think that they have higher income, better benefits and compensation package, lower nurse-patient ratio, more options on working hours and change to upgrade nursing skills, opportunity for family to migrate, opportunity to travel and learn other cultures, influence from peers and relatives and to experience advance technology, better socio-political and economic stability. Q3. Guided by the problems uncovered how the political and economic issues in the healthcare system may improve the nursing practice. Give at least five (5) substantial evidences. Politicians worldwide are confronted by the conflicting demands of a health service increasingly hungry for cash to fund advancing technology, an ageing population requiring more care and a public that wishes to keep taxation low. Changes may also come from a real desire to move the focus of healthcare away from an insensitive technological approach to one based on holistic care. At a time when the status of doctors is in decline, hastened by isolated but high profile ‘scandals’, it is easier to raise the status and responsibilities of nurses, whom the public regard with respect and affection. Other pressures have added to this process. These include a requirement to reduce the working hours of junior medical staff, and new training schemes which provide for more formal teaching and less face-to-face contact with patients. The medical focus is changing from treatment only, to active prevention strategies for example, screening for colorectal cancer. Biological therapies, such as antibodies for Crohns disease, are substantially more expensive than traditional drug treatments. Consumers that is, the healthcare-seeking publicare better informed and living longer. They are less tolerant of long waiting lists and want to be active participants in their own healthcare. Nurses are now generally better educated, within a university environment, and are more able to take on responsibility for patient care. The reaction of doctors to change in the status of nurses has been mixed. Some have embraced change enthusiastically: ‘Nurses can do some of what doctors do, usually to the greater satisfaction of patients. Others have been more guarded. But change seems inevitable. The question may be more about whether change will be imposed for the sake of political expediency or whether health professionals will take the lead in shaping the health service of the future. [pic] As I can see this paradigm, the message of this paradigm is as simple as we are committed to delivery of health care service that consist of Transcultural nursing, changing practice, health care system, political and economic issues, ethical, legal and social issues, bioethical issues in nursing and health care and issues in health care.

Communicating the Scientific Consensus on Climate Change

Communicating the Scientific Consensus on Climate Change Marie Claire Attard Bason For many centuries, Climate change has been one of the most complicated problems around the world. It is a very difficult phenomenon to avoid, yet it can be manageable with the help of proper initiatives. All aspects of community life, including; Agriculture, economy, transportation, energy, culture and also construction are impacted by such climatic changes. (Schneider, 2009; Bode, Monroe Megalos, 2014). As members of society, with our daily lifestyle choices and motivation by a sequence of values, beliefs, norms and interpretation of the world, make us key players of climate change. Unfortunately, all of these are now challenged by global warming, and it is not surprising to see that people around the world are forming different trends in opinion sand different perceptions about anthropogenic climate change (Nature Climate Change, 2013). The 2013 IPCC report on climate change stated that there is a 95 % assurance that climate change is happening because it is caused by humans (IPCC 2013), moreover, this is not the only report that came to this conclusion. In fact, there are recent reviews done on different scientific abstracts with regards to this subject and have found out that most of these papers have accepted the scientific consensus on humans causing global warming (Cook et al. 2013) (Van der Linden et. al, 2014). Furthermore, there are scientists, some of which are considered to be of a high-profile that still put forward other possible reasons for observed changes of climate around the world (Abraham et. al, 2014). Understanding the Scientific Consensus: The development of a scientific understanding is often distinguished by a number of studies that suggest new and alternative reasons of why certain behaviors exist in the natural world. These, then, may or may not be acknowledged by other scientists; however, one could possibly consider investigating and testing furthermore the suggested ideas. More than 100 years ago, the first studies on greenhouse gases and their effect on the Earth’s climate were published (Fourier, 1824; Tyndall 1861; Arrhenius, 1896). Moreover, during the next following years, ways to improve the concept of AGW (Anthropogenic Global Warming) were suggested, yet the basic standards of it were already set. Unfortunately, the general public has continued to be hesitant on whether or not to dismiss the idea of Anthropogenic Global Warming in general or dismiss the concept of the scientific consensus (Zimmerman, 2008; Doran and Zimmerman, 2009; Leiserowitz et al., 2011; Leiserowitz et al., 2012; Pew, 2012). I n order to establish the degree of both of these ideas, a number of different approaches have been followed (Abraham et. al, 2014). Political scientists, sociologists and psychologists, have concentrated their studies on distinctive aspects that can influence the views of the public on global warming, yet they still argue the role of the scientific information and the idea of scientific consensus on climate change (Nature Climate Change, 2013). Now in the case of climate change, as mentioned in the previous text, multiple data show that greenhouse gases, produced by humans, are being captured inside the atmospheric zone, causing the surrounding area to warm. In his Skeptical Science paper, John Cook suggests that people are accepting more the fact that climate change is induced by humans, therefore a number of initiatives are being taken into consideration in order to tackle this phenomenon.Even though studies have shown that most scientists agree on the causes of climate change, people are still not sure what to believe. Why? In the past, scholars have claimed that scientists disagree amongst themselves on the c auses of climate change. Other studies have also suggested that there is a false balance in the media, where journalists introduce a point in question (in this case; Climate change) as being more about how people feel and think than the actual evidence provided (Donald Pidcock, 2013). The current Situation: There is the need to correct such misunderstandings about the scientific consensus. Public engagement with climate change has been taken for granted due to the fact that there is a huge gap in knowledge or public understanding. The â€Å"knowledge-deficit model†; coined by social scientists studying the public communication of science in the 1980s, has unfortunately been put into question (Moser and Dilling 2011; Sturgis and Allum 2004). In 2012, Kahan et al. have argued that conflicts over climate change have little to do with the public’s understanding of the scientific evidence. Yet, other recent research has repeatedly shown that the perceived level of scientific agreement on human-caused climate change actually functions as a critical â€Å"gateway belief† (Ding et al. 2011; Lewandowsky et al. 2013; McCright et al. 2013) (Van der Linden et. al, 2014) The public’s view of the scientific consensus is important on several aspects, especially when creating views and opinions on complicated scientific topics. The public depends on available sources of information to form their opinion, and trust that these sources are reliable. Their perception of scientific consensus also complements with a number of important beliefs and approaches towards serious interests on climate change and support ideas of mitigation (Ding et al., 2011; McCright et al., 2013). As found by Malka et al. (2009), the perception of scientific consensus brings about an agreement between the connection on climate concern and climate knowledge. This means that when one learns more about climate change and how it is produced, it automatically increases the attention and concern. These findings give boost to others by increasing people’s perceptive that climate change is happening, through the communication of the scientific consensus (Lewandowsky et al., 2012; Bolsen et al., 2014). If people keep on thinking that there is a disagreement amongst scientists, especially about Anthropogenic Global Warming, then it will definitely take longer to find action support. This controversy between the perception of the public and the overwhelming agreements amongst scientists, especially when there is a particular scientific topic being discussed, is defined by the â€Å"consensus gap†. This gap is causing strong effects on our society (Abraham et. al, 2014). The effect of the media: Given that most people get their awareness from mass media, one has to make sure that such information is given at best quality, so as to be more affective. Two main sources of mass media that impose great limitations when it comes to the scientific communication are the newspapers and television. The main reasons are that television news stories, often have less than a minute of air time, therefore these can’t be very detailed and informative, whilst newspaper articles are longer, but then again, they are not explained in scientific terms, so people still won’t truly understand the true meaning of climate change and what contributes to it. Scientists also need to understand more the journalistic norms and how journalisms work, whilst on the other hand, communicators should make an effort in increasing the scientific literacy of their mass audience in their articles/ segments and also explain how scientists have become more confident on different knowledge claims, espec ially when it comes to using probability statements. Furthermore, communicators should also make it more clearly to the public that just because there are different conclusions on specific scientific data/ findings, which may or may not be questionable to some groups in society, it might not mean that the real scientific methods, theories and bodies of evidence are at issue within the scientific community (Schneider, 2009) How to improve the public’s perception on climate change: Media communicators should continually promote and reveal the numerous ambitions, goals and strategies of climate change to those people who have an opposing view on this topic and who believe or claims that it is falsely presented by the scientific community. Right or wrong, such people do not follow a valid scientific method, therefore they lack of evidence and scientific support, and they cannot be reliable- their beliefs lacks of scientific status (Moser Dilling, 2011). In addition to communicating the scientific consensus, experts have agreed that certain messages would definitely make a difference. Climate change is real and that people are the main reason of its cause. Climate change is harmful to people, and people need to find ways to reduce it (Maibach et. al., 2014). Oversimplifying such messages can definitely lead to misunderstanding. Moreover, it is not that difficult to reduce the scientific consensus down to a few key sentences. In fact these might encourage people to search and point out reliable sources (Bode, Monroe Megalos, 2014) Communicators have concluded that the reason for lack of public engagement is due to the fact that there has been lack of information and understanding, therefore this issue needs to improve in order to encourage more people to be inspired and take action. They also concluded that if people have fear on potential disasters because no action has been taken yet, than it would motivate them to take action. Mass communication is by far the best way to reach the public with regards to this issue (Moser Dilling, 2011). Communicators have the possibility to use different ways, represent different values, and promote political, cultural, social, and economic frameworks of climate change, through a national discussion (Schneider, 2009) An experiment conducted by Sander van der Linden, Anthony Leiserowitz, Geoffrey Feinberg and Edward W. in 2014, tested three popular ways to communicating the scientific consensus. In the first try, a simple message was shown to a number of participants stating that: â€Å"97% of climate scientists have concluded that human-caused climate change is happening†. In the second try, the same participants were shown a pie chart describing the scientific consensus in a more visual way. For the third attempt, different metaphors where used to describe the consensus. At the end of this experiment, the participants were asked to express what they thought about the scientific consensus before and after participating in this experiment. This concluded that all of the three approaches; the descriptive text, the pie chart and the metaphors, made the public understand more on what the scientific consensus is about. Both the pie chart and the descriptive text were the most effective on the p articipants than the metaphors. The pie chart was then more efficient with people that had political backgrounds. To conclude results show that in order to improve the public’s knowledge on the scientific consensus on climate change; one has to find a way to ensure that the individual is not defined by political persuasion. Scientists, policy makers and even NGO’s have shown to respond more to using short, simple declarative sentences or simple pie charts to communicate the scientific consensus to the public. Since, metaphors were proven less effective; however they still can be very beneficial in explaining difficult scientific concepts. At the end of the day, in order to help improve the state of communication on the issue of climate change, every possible approach is better than nothing. It is important to help people gain knowledge, shape their way of thinking and help them understand more the purpose of a scientific consensus (Van der Linden et. al, 2014) Improving from climate change It will take a huge global effort to create and implement new ways to reduce climate change instances. There is the need to design and embrace new technologies that are aimed to reduce emissions caused by green-house gases so that damaging consequences to human health may be avoided. Moreover, the ability to adjust to such changes depends extensively across different nations. (Schneider, 2009) Poor nations are more exposed to the effects of global warming because they cannot cope with the social and economic situations that are likely to arise due to sea levels changes and severe weather changes (Tierney, 2009). Reducing green-house gas emissions is possible with the help of different types of practices and technologies that can be supplied by the industrial sectors, especially by the waste and land management sectors. Other sectors, including the economy sector needs to be also involved in improving climate change mitigations since green-house gas emissions are commonly present during economic activities. It is also quite important for countries to find ways to increase funding for research and development (Schneider, 2009). To conclude After many years of practice but without any solid basis of research, communicating climate change is now an intense interest to those who wants to increasing public participation. As mentioned before, there have been many different studies that have measured public opinions, attitudes and level of understanding with regards to scientific topics. Moreover, most of the studies have tested different approaches to identify the most effective ways to communicate the scientific consensus. Much of what is known or assume about climate change communication is influenced by studies in other fields such as; Advertising, social marketing and mass media communication. One has to keep in mind the following aims for future research and practice:- Create communication models and technologies, find more effective ways to communicate mitigations, identify ways to adapt to new strategies. Last but not least, one had to make sure to encourage deeper engagement and promote the importance of mass mobili zation (Moser, 2011) References Abraham, J., Cook, J., Fasullo, J., Jacobs, P., Mandia, S., Nuccitelli, D. (2014). Review of the consensus and asymmetric quality of research on human-induced climate change.Cosmopolis,2014(1), 3-18. Arrhenius,S; â€Å"On the Influence of carbonic acid in the air upon temperature of the ground†, The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science Series 5, 1896, vol. 41, pp. 237-276 Bode, C., Monroe, M., Megalos, M. (2014).  Strategies for communicating climate change to extension audiences: Fact sheet.Unpublished manuscript. Bolsen, T., Leeper, T. J., Shapiro, M. A. (2014). Doing what others do norms, science, and collective action on global warming.American Politics Research,42(1), 65-89. Cook, J., Nuccitelli, D., Green, S. A., Richardson, M., Winkler, B., Painting, R., . . . Skuce, A. (2013). Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature.Environmental Research Letters,8(2), 024024. Ding, D., Maibach, E. W., Zhao, X., Roser-Renouf, C., Leiserowitz, A. (2011). Support for climate policy and societal action are linked to perceptions about scientific agreement.Nature Climate Change,1(9), 462-466. Donald, R., Pidcock, R. (2013).  We all agree about communicating climate consensus, don’t we?. Retrieved fromhttp://www.carbonbrief.org/blog/2013/05/we-all-agree-about-communicating-climate-consensus,-dont-we Doran, P and Zimmerman, M; â€Å"Examining the scientific consensus on climate change†, Eos, 2009, vol. 90, 22-23. Fourier, J. (1827). On the temperature of the terrestrial sphere and interplanetary space.  Mà ©moires De l’Acadà ©mie Royale Des Sciences,7, 569-604. IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), â€Å"Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013†, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA Kahan, D. M., Peters, E., Wittlin, M., Slovic, P., Ouellette, L. L., Braman, D., Mandel, G. (2012). The polarizing impact of science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate change risks.Nature Climate Change,2(10), 732-735. Leiserowitz, A., Maibach, E., Roser-Renouf, C., Smith, N. (2011). Climate change in the american mind: Americans’ global warming beliefs and attitudes in may 2011.Yale University, New Haven, Leiserowitz, A, et al., â€Å"Climate change in the American mind: Americans’ global warming beliefs and attitudes in September, 2012†, Yale University and George Mason University, New Haven, CT: Yale Project on Climate Change Communication, 2012. Lewandowsky, S., Gignac, G. E., Vaughan, S. (2013). The pivotal role of perceived scientific consensus in acceptance of science.Nature Climate Change,3(4), 399-404. Maibach, E., Myers, T., Leiserowitz, A. (2014). Climate scientists need to set the record straight: There is a scientific consensus that humanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ caused climate change is happening.Earths Future, Malka, A., Krosnick, J. A., Langer, G. (2009). The association of knowledge with concern about global warming: Trusted information sources shape public thinking.Risk Analysis,29(5), 633-647. McCright, A. M., Dunlap, R. E., Xiao, C. (2013). Perceived scientific agreement and support for government action on climate change in the USA.Climatic Change,119(2), 511-518. Moser, S. C. (2010). Communicating climate change: History, challenges, process and future directions.Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change,1(1), 31-53. Moser, S. C., Dilling, L. (2011). Communicating climate change: Closing the science-action gap.The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society.Oxford University Press, Oxford,, 161-176. Nature Climate Change. (2013).  Climate consensus.3, 303. doi:10.1038/nclimate1875 Schneider, S. H. (2009).  Climate change science and policyIsland Press. Sturgis, P., Allum, N. (2004). Science in society: Re-evaluating the deficit model of public attitudes.Public Understanding of Science,13(1), 55-74. Tierney, L. (2009). The politics of climate change: who suffers most?. Retrieved fromhttps://www.mtholyoke.edu/~tiern20l/classweb/climatechange/suffer.html Tyndall, J. (1861). The bakerian lecture: On the absorption and radiation of heat by gases and vapours, and on the physical connexion of radiation, absorption, and conduction.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,151, 1-36. van der Linden, Sander L, Leiserowitz, A. A., Feinberg, G. D., Maibach, E. W. (2014). How to communicate the scientific consensus on climate change: Plain facts, pie charts or metaphors?Climatic Change,126(1-2), 255-262. Zimmerman, M. R. (2008).  The Consensus on the Consensus: An Opinion Survey of Earth Scientists on Global Climate Change